During the second year, toddlers are moving around more, and are aware of themselves and their surroundings. Their desire to explore new objects and people also is increasing. During this stage, toddlers will show greater independence; begin to show defiant behavior; recognize themselves in pictures or a mirror; and imitate the behavior of others, especially adults and older children. Toddlers also should be able to recognize the names of familiar people and objects, form simple phrases and sentences, and follow simple instructions and directions.
Auditory skills
Speech
13- 18 Months
Processes simple language
Auditory memory of one item at the end of a phrase/sentence
Discriminates between familiar phrases
Follows one step directions that are
familiar
Identifies and associates more words to related objects, e.g. toys, body parts, food, clothing
Imitates words heard
13-18 Months
Imitates alternated vowels
Approximates single words
Uses most vowels in vocal play
Uses more front consonants plosives [p, b, d], nasals [m, n], Uses fricative [h], Uses semivowel [w]
19-24 Months
Auditory memory of 2 items
Discriminates songs
Comprehends a variety of phrases
Discriminates descriptive phrases
Follows a two step direction, e.g. Get your ball and throw it.
Identifies by category
19-24 Months
Approximates words
Substitutes /w/ for /r/
Uses suprasegmental features
Most vowels and diphthongs present
Consonants [k, g, t, ng] emerging
Consonants [p, b, m, h, n, d] established – used in initial position in words
In the medial and final positions, consonants are frequently dropped.
Language Comprehension
Language Expression
13- 18 Months
Understands more new words each week
Follows one step directions during play
Understands simple where questions, e.g. Where’s daddy?
Recognizes and demonstrates understanding of many
Objects by pointing
Understands more familiar phrases
Begins to recognize names of various body parts, e.g. eyes, hands
Enjoys rhymes
Understands more simple questions
Begins to understand longer phrases with key word in middle of sentence
Develops category vocabulary
Identifies more body parts
Finds familiar object not in sight
Understands 50 or more words
Identifies some clothing items, toys and food
13-18 Months
Uses 7 or more words consistently
Uses voice and gesture to obtain desired object
Continues to use jargon with more true words developing
Incorporates pausing and intonation into jargon
Imitates new words spontaneously
Sings
Jargon disappears
Increases vocabulary, 10 or more meaningful words
Decreases use of gesture – relies on talking to communicate
Imitates words heard
Asks for more
19-24 Months
Completes two requests with one object
Chooses two familiar objects
Comprehends action phrases
Points to a range of body parts, e.g. elbow, cheek
Begins to understand personal pronouns – my, mine, you
Recognizes new words daily
Increases comprehension – decodes simple syntax
By 24 months understands 250 – 300 words
19-24 Months
Occasionally imitates 2 – 3 word phrases
Uses new words regularly
Increases expressive vocabulary to 30 words or more
Attempts “stories” – longer utterances in jargon to get message across
Begins to use own name when talking about self
Uses possessive pronouns – mine
May ask where questions Where car?
By 24 months may use 2 – 3 word phrases with nouns, some verbs and some adjectives
Speech and Language Milestones
Social skills
Motor milestones
13- 18 Months
Continues to develop eye contact with speaker for longer periods
Takes turns as expressive language develops
Plays fetching game
Involves others by showing things, e.g. shoes/clothing during play
Begins to understand “wh” questions
Requests object or help from adult by gesturing and vocalizing
Initiates vocal interaction
Prefers to be with familiar people
Shows caution with strangers
Imitates other children
13-18 Months
Fine Motor Skills
Holds and drinks from a cup using two hands
Builds a tower of 2 blocks
Makes marks with crayons
Tries to turn pages of a board book
Turns door handle
Manipulates Snap Lock beads or similar
Pulls off their shoes
Puts small objects into large containers
Gross Motor Skills
Crawls downstairs feet first
Walks independently with feet wide apart
Can sit themselves in a small chair
Squats to pick up toys from the floor
Moves between squatting, running, standing to play with toys
Rolls and throws a ball
Bends down from waist to pick up toys
Enjoys push and pull toys while walking
Carries a teddy bear when walking
Rides a simple sit on toy
19-24 Months
Begins to develop more self confidence and is happy to be with other people
Initiates pretend play
Responds to requests from adults
Practices adult-like conversation about familiar themes
Uses words to interact
Requests information, e.g. What is this?
Develops turn taking in conversation
19-24 Months
Fine Motor Skills
Uses a spoon to feed themselves
Will enjoy attempting fasteners like velcro, zips and poppers
Your child will love to turn knobs and push buttons as this helps him to learn to use his muscles and also to feel that he can manage new things. Protect the TV and other appliances and give him his own toys with knobs and buttons to press.
Your child will be interested in playing with simple puzzles.
Your child will enjoy toys that link together, such as trains with carriages and stacking toys, hammer and peg sets, and filling and emptying containers.
He/She will love to look at pictures, particularly if you name familiar objects and animals and allow him to turn the pages sometimes.
Favorite conversations involve talking about what he is looking at, doing or feeling. Your child learns more words when you chat this way, rather than when you ask questions. Try to avoid questions that you already know the answer to. Instead of asking ‘what’s that?’ you might say ‘oh, it’s a yummy apple’.
Play games where he has lots of opportunities to say ‘no’, such as ‘Is daddy under the bed?’
Provide toys, such as plastic fruit, animals and cars, so he can learn about difference and sameness.
Young children love to copy others and to dress up, and play with toys that allow them to copy household activity, for example telephone, dolls and washing up.
Allow your child to play by himself at times without interference so that he learns to entertain himself. He will ask for help if he wants it.
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